Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): April - June 2026
Clinical psychology

How the world became: a phenomenological-systemic reading of traumatic reorganization

Alessandro Cini
Istituto Gestalt di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
Nino Geniola
Istituto Gestalt di Puglia, Lecce, Italy
logo

Published 2026-06-26

Keywords

  • Trauma, Gestalt psychotherapy, Complexity, Phenomenology, Reorganization.

How to Cite

Cini, A., & Geniola, N. (2026). How the world became: a phenomenological-systemic reading of traumatic reorganization. Phenomena Journal - International Journal of Psychopathology, Neuroscience and Psychotherapy, 8(2), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.32069/PJ.2021.2.299

Abstract

Trauma transforms the field of experience. Existence remains the same, yet the way one can experience it changes. Footholds and reference points reorganize – what once provided orientation becomes uncertain, the familiar turns strange, or simply no longer offers support. This transformation marks a discontinuity between what was, what is, and what will be, which becomes clearer when lived experience is approached through a dialogue between phenomenology and complex systems theory. The world does not return to "how it was before" simply because danger has passed, and therapeutic work takes the form of recalibrating safety thresholds, rhythm, and possibilities for contact. It involves recognizing the protective logic of emergent patterns and reopening a broader experiential organization in which trauma no longer constitutes the entire horizon. This orientation articulates itself in two complementary movements: participatory presence, which recognizes and accompanies lived experience as it unfolds, and experiential proposal, which invites the person to actively explore new experiential possibilities. Modulating between containment and exploration allows experience to become livable again, reopening margins of choice and a more flexible way of inhabiting feeling, thought, and action in the world.

References

  1. Perls, F., Hefferline, R., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. Julian Press.
  2. Quattrini, G. P. (2013). Per una psicoterapia fenomenologico-esistenziale. Giunti.
  3. Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of chaos: Man’s new dialogue with nature. Bantam Books.
  4. Kauffman, S. A. (1995). At home in the universe: The search for laws of self-organization and complexity. Oxford University Press.
  5. Thom, R. (1972). Stabilité structurelle et morphogenèse: Essai d’une théorie générale des modèles. W. A. Benjamin.
  6. Hayes, A. M., & Andrews, L. A. (2020). A complex systems approach to the study of change in psychotherapy. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 197.
  7. Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13.
  8. van de Leemput, I. A., Wichers, M., Cramer, A. O. J., Borsboom, D., Tuerlinckx, F., Kuppens, P., van der Maas, H. L. J., Viechtbauer, W., Giltay, E. J., Aggen, S. H., Derom, C., Kendler, K. S., Verhulst, F. C., Cacioppo, J. T., Schoevers, R. A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., de Geus, E. J. C., & Scheffer, M. (2014). Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(1), 87–92.
  9. Merleau-Ponty, M. (2012). Phenomenology of perception (D. A. Landes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1945).
  10. Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Harper & Row. (Original work published 1927).
  11. Husserl, E. (1970). The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology: An introduction to phenomenological philosophy (D. Carr, Trans.). Northwestern University Press. (Original work published 1936).
  12. Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. W. W. Norton.
  13. Sánchez, C. S. (2025). The temporal and embodied structure of the mineness sphere: Some phenomenological ideas to frame mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1376665.
  14. Fuchs, T. (2013). Temporality and psychopathology. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 12(1), 75-104.
  15. Stolorow, R. D. (2007). Trauma and human existence: Autobiographical, psychoanalytic, and philosophical reflections. Routledge.
  16. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.
  17. Ratcliffe, M. (2008). Feelings of being: Phenomenology, psychiatry and the sense of reality. Oxford University Press.
  18. Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. Chandler Publishing Company.
  19. Bloom, S. L. (1997). Creating sanctuary: Toward the evolution of sane societies. Routledge.
  20. Schore, A. N. (2012). The science of the art of psychotherapy. W. W. Norton.
  21. Geller, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Therapeutic presence: A mindful approach to effective therapy. American Psychological Association.
  22. Berthoz, A., & Petit, J. L. (Eds.). (2014). Complexité-simplexité. Collège de France.
  23. Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence. Basic Books.
  24. Cloitre, M. (2020). ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: Simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 129–131.
  25. Maercker, A., & Eberle, D. J. (2022). Disorders specifically associated with stress in ICD-Clinical psychology in Europe, 4(Spec Issue), e9711.
  26. Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 20706.
  27. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parentchild attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
  28. Fuchs, T. (2018). Presence in absence: The ambiguous phenomenology of grief. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 17(1), 43–63.
  29. Rothschild, B. (2000). The body remembers: The psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment. W. W. Norton.
  30. Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press.
  31. von Foerster, H. (1981). Observing systems. Intersystems Publications.
  32. Yalom, I. D. (2002). The gift of therapy: An open letter to a new generation of therapists and their patients. HarperCollins Publishers.
  33. Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Ford, J. D., Green, B. L., Alexander, P., Briere, J., Herman, J. L., Lanius, R., Pearlman, L. A., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., van der Hart, O., & Van der Kolk, B. A. (2012). The ISTSS expert consensus treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Available at: https://www.istss.org.
  34. Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (Eds.). (2020). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders in adults: Scientific foundations and therapeutic models (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  35. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.
  36. Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 511–535.
  37. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
  38. Joyce, P., & Sills, C. (2018). Skills in Gestalt counselling & psychotherapy (4th ed.). Sage.
  39. Francesetti, G. (2024). The phenomenal field: The origin of the self and the world. Phenomena Journal, 6(1), 1–5.
  40. Fuchs, T. (2021). In defence of the human being: Foundational questions of an embodied anthropology. Oxford University Press.
  41. Ratcliffe, M. (2017). Real hallucinations: Psychiatric illness, intentionality, and the interpersonal world. MIT Press.